@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23614, author = {Kerry O'Donnell and stacy sink and Ran Libeskind-Hadas and Jiri Hulcr and Matthew Kasson and Randy C. ploetz and Joshua L. konkol and Jill N. Ploetz and Daniel carrillo and Alina Campbell and Rita E. Duncan and Pradeepa N.H. Liyanage and Akif Eskalen and Francis Na and David M. Geiser and Craig Bateman and Stanley Freeman and Zvi Mendel and Michal Sharon and Takayuki Aoki and Allard A. Coss? and Alejandro Rooney}, title = {Discordant phylogenies suggest repeated host shifts in the Fusarium ? Euwallacea ambrosia beetle mutualism }, year = {2014}, keywords = {cophylogeny, fungiculture, hybrid introgression, molecular phylogenetics, phylogenetic species, symbiosis}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Fungal Genetics and Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {The mutualism between xyleborine beetles in the genus Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and members of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) represents one of 11 known evolutionary origins of fungiculture by ambrosia beetles. Female Euwallacea beetles transport fusarial symbionts in paired mandibular mycangia from their natal gallery to woody hosts where they are cultivated in galleries as a source of food. Native to Asia, several exotic Euwallacea species were introduced into the United States and Israel within the past two decades and they now threaten urban landscapes, forests and avocado production. To assess species limits and to date the evolutionary diversification of the mutualists, we reconstructed the evolutionary histories of key representatives of the Fusarium and Euwallacea clades using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Twelve species-level lineages, termed AF 1-12, were identified within the monophyletic Ambrosia Fusarum Clade (ACF) and seven among the Fusarium-farming Euwallacea. Bayesian diversification-time estimates placed the origin of the Euwallacea ? Fusarium mutualism near the Oligocene ? Miocene boundary ~19-24 Mya. Most Euwallacea spp. appear to be associated with one species of Fusarium, but two species farmed two closely related fusaria. Euwallacea sp. #2 in Miami-Dade County, Florida cultivated Fusarium spp. AF-6 and AF-8 on avocado, and Euwallacea sp. #4 farmed F. ambrosium AF-1 and Fusarium sp. AF-11 on Chinese tea in Sri Lanka. Cophylogenetic analyses indicated that the Euwallacea and Fusarium phylogenies were largely incongruent, apparently due to the beetles switching fusarial symbionts (i.e., host shifts) at least five times during the evolution of this mutualism. Three cospeciation events between Euwallacea and their AFC symbionts were detected, but randomization tests failed to reject the null hypothesis that the putative parallel cladogenesis could have occurred by chance. Lastly, three collections of Euwallacea sp. #2 from Miami-Dade County, Florida shared an identical cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) allele with E. validus, suggesting introgressive hybridization between these species. Results of the present study highlight the importance of understanding the potential for and frequency of host-switching between Euwallacea and members of the AFC, and that these shifts may bring together more aggressive and virulent combinations of these invasive mutualists.} }

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