@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18150, author = {Nerida G. Wilson and Rebecca L. Hunter and S. J. Lockhart and Kenneth M. Halanych}, title = {Multiple lineages and absence of panmixia in the Antarctic 'cicumpolar' crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis}, year = {2007}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Marine Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Despite considerable interest in physiology, evolution and life history of Antarctic marine invertebrates, only a limited number of studies have examined the genetic variability and diversity patterns of these organisms. Moreover, understanding and characterizing patterns of Antarctic biodiversity has taken on a degree of urgency because of potential impacts of global warming. To expand an understanding of the evolutionary history of Antarctic marine invertebrates, the genetic diversity of the crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1888 was investigated, which is documented to have a circumpolar distribution extending to subantarctic islands. Specimens of Promachocrinus kerguelensis were collected from the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, and the subantarctic islands South Georgia, South Sandwich and Bouvet?ya Islands from 2001-2004. Promachocrinus kerguelensis was previously subject to morphological review that confirmed the taxonomic recognition of only one species. The wide distribution and reported high dispersal capability for P. kerguelensis predicts one large panmictic population. In contrast, nucleotide sequence data from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes, collected herein, reveal distinct genetic structure and cryptic speciation within P. kerguelensis. In the Antarctic Atlantic sector alone, we found at least 5 species-level clades. Some of these clades are geographically limited, and most exist in sympatry. The largest and most widespread of these clades was examined to help elucidate connectivity along the subantarctic islands of the Scotia Arc and the Antarctic Peninsula. Within this clade, most genetic diversity was contained within populations, but significant differences were present between regions (Antarctic Peninsula, South Sandwich Is., South Georgia, Bouvet?ya Is.), suggesting a corresponding lack of gene flow. Given that Promachocrinus kerguelensis is a well-studied taxon, the finding of considerable genetic diversity within the Atlantic sector alone suggests that the recognized diversity of Antarcticas benthic marine life may be underestimated, and will rise dramatically with phylogeographic analyses of putative widespread species.} }

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