@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref25430, author = {Susumu Takamatsu and Siska Arie Siahaan and On?simo Moreno-Rico and Silvia M. Wolcan and Maria G. Cabrera de Alvarez and Uwe Braun}, title = {Early evolution of endo-parasitism in powdery mildews: molecular phylogeny suggests missing link between Phyllactinia and Leveillula}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Erysiphaceae, Erysiphales, Phyllactinieae, Pleochaeta, Queirozia}, doi = {10.3852/16-010}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Mycologia }, volume = {108}, number = {5}, pages = {873--850}, abstract = {Of the 17 genera of the Erysiphaceae, only four genera, viz. Leveillula, Phyllactinia, Pleochaeta, and Queirozia, exhibit (partly) endo-parasitism. To investigate early evolution of endo-parasitism in powdery mildews, we performed molecular phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews belonging to the tribe Phyllactinieae collected in North & South America. The most ancestral taxa in the tribe Phyllactinieae belong to the Pleochaeta/Queirozia group from which the genus Phyllactinia was derived. Finally, the truely endo-parasitic genus Leveillula emerged from a part of Phyllactinia. The present study showed clear evolutional polarity in the powdery mildews concerned, that is, partly endo-parasitic groups evolved from ecto-parasitic groups, and then a truely endo-parasitic group emerged finally from a partly endo-parasitic group. In addition, a group with distinctly dimorphic conidia proved to be basal in the Phyllactinieae, and a group without distinct dimorphic conidia was derived from the former group. The present analyses clearly showed that Leveillula was derived from a part of the ?Basal Phyllactinia group?. However, all sister taxa to Leveillula were distributed in North & South America. Because the putative geographic origin of Leveillula is assumed to be Central & West Asia or Mediterranean region, we have to postulate the presence of a missing link during the evolution of Leveillula from Phyllactinia. Based on the present phylogenetic studies and the new rules of the ?International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants?, the following taxonomic reallocations are proposed: Phyllactinia bougainvilleae sp. nov., P. caricae comb. nov., P. caricicola comb. nov., P. durantae comb. nov., P. leveilluloides sp. nov., P. obclavata comb. nov., P. papayae comb. nov.} }

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