@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16906, author = {Sang-Hun Oh and Paul S. Manos}, title = {Molecular phylogenetics and cupule evolution in Fagaceae as inferred from nuclear CRABS CLAW sequences}, year = {2007}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Taxon}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Fagaceae includes nine genera and ca. 1,000 species, making it one of the largest and economically important groups within Fagales. Phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved despite a long history of systematic study. We used <i>CRABS CLAW</i>, a single-copy nuclear gene, to generate over 2,900 base pairs of new sequence data, and combined it with previously collected molecular data to examine morphological evolution in the Fagaceae. We clarified the relationships of <i>Chrysolepis</i>, <i>Lithocarpus</i> and <i>Quercus</i>, and in this improved phylogenetic context we inferred morphological transformations of the cupule. Phylogenetic analyses supported an origin for <i>Quercus</i> from a castaneoid ancestor and a novel sister group relationship for Asian <i>Lithocarpus</i> and <i>Chrysolepis</i>; however the monophyly of both <i>Lithocarpus</i> and subfamily Castaneoideae was rejected. Our data suggest that North American <i>Lithocarpus densiflorus</i> is only distantly related to Asian <i>Lithocarpus</i>, supporting the hypothesis that the uniflorous cupules of <i>L. densiflorus</i> and <i>Quercus</i> are derived from dichasium cupules via loss of lateral flowers. The sister group relationship of Asian <i>Lithocarpus</i> and <i>Chrysolepis</i> is supported by the morphological synapomorphy that each fruit is surrounded by a cupule. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the evolution of the unusual cupules of Asian <i>Lithocarpus</i> and <i>Chrysolepis</i>. In this model, every flower represents a reduced dichasium, and we interpret the cupules of these taxa to be compound in nature, formed by multiple reduced dichasia derived from single-flowered cupules.} }

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