@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref26025, author = {hao chen}, title = {The interaction between an invertebrate-specific miRNA and the ancient cholinergic neuroendocrine system augments the early-stage immune response of adult oyster against bacterial challenge }, year = {2016}, keywords = {miRNA; miR-2 family; Choline transporter-like protein; Acetylcholine; Cholinergic system; Immunomodulation}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Open Biology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main neurotransmitter in cholinergic neuroendocrine system and plays indispensable role in modulating diverse immune response. As an important transporter in choline uptake, choline transporter-like proteins (CTLs) can control ACh synthesis and release indirectly in multiple organisms. In the present study, cgi-miR-2d, an invertebrate-specific miRNA in oyster Crassostrea gigas, is proved to repress the synthesis/release of ACh by targeting CgCTL1 and choline uptake in haemocytes during the early-stage of pathogen infection. In short, an opposite expression pattern between CgCTL1 and cgi-miR-2d is observed during Vibrio splendidus infection, accompanied with changes in haemolymph ACh. Besides, expression level of CgCTL1 is found significantly repressed after cgi-miR-2d overexpression in vivo while both haemocyte choline and haemolymph ACh also decreased simultaneously, which is similar with that in CgCTL1 knock-down assay. As a result, the expression of two tumor necrosis factor like proteins and the bacteriostatic activity of oyster haemocytes, are found altered significantly by either gain-of-function cgi-miR-2d or knock-down of CgCTL1. To our knowledge, this is the first miRNA identified in invertebrates that can target ancient cholinergic system and augment immune response during infection.} }

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