@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16556, author = {K. Marlowe and Larry Hufford}, title = {Geographic radiations and speciation in Southern Rocky Mountain Synthyris (Plantaginaceae)}, year = {2008}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Topographical and ecological complexities in mountainous landscapes create evolutionary opportunities that are influenced by climate changes. Such changes can alternatively induce range expansion or contraction, impacting population demography and gene flow. We used phylogeography to infer evolutionary changes and range shifts for a clade of four Southern Rocky Mountain endemic Synthyris (Plantaginaceae) species: S. alpina, S. plantaginea, S. oblongifolia, and S. ritteriana. Plastid DNA trnT-trnL and psbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences for 334 individuals from 29 populations had 34 haplotypes. The absence of shared haplotypes between S. alpina and S. plantaginea is consistent with a relatively deep divergence between these species, for which restricted gene flow with isolation by distance and allopatric fragmentation are inferred as isolating mechanisms, possibly associated with elevational differentiation. Synthyris alpina populations are currently in alpine interglacial refugia, but we find evidence of past south/southwest range expansion with isolation by distance. Synthyris plantaginea, which has its greatest haplotypic diversity in the Colorado Front Range, underwent southwestward range expansion. Synthyris oblongifolia likely evolved as a southern peripheral isolate, following expansion and then contraction of S. plantaginea. We recovered S. alpina and S. plantaginea haplotypes in S. ritteriana populations, a signature consistent with an allotetraploid origin of S. ritteriana.} }

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