@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref2136, author = {Jessica E Light and David L. Reed}, title = {Multigene analysis of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura).}, year = {2008}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Cospeciation between hosts and parasites offers a unique opportunity to use information from parasites to infer events in host evolutionary history. Although lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are known to cospeciate with their hosts and have frequently served as important markers to infer host evolutionary history, most molecular studies are based on only one or two markers. Resulting phylogenies may therefore represent gene, rather than species, histories and analyses of multiple molecular markers are needed to increase confidence in the results of phylogenetic analyses. Herein, we phylogenetically examine nine molecular markers in primate sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) and we use these markers to estimate divergence times among louse lineages. Individual and combined analyses of these nine markers are, for the most part, congruent, supporting relationships hypothesized in previous studies. Only one marker, the nuclear protein-coding gene Histone 3, has a significantly different topology compared to the other markers, and we recommend cautious use of this gene in future studies. Additionally, we find that simultaneous use of multiple markers and calibration points provides the most reliable estimates of louse divergence times, in agreement with previous studies estimating species divergences. Estimates of phylogenies and divergence times also allow us to verify the results of Reed et al. (2007); there was contact between gorilla and humans roughly 3 Ma resulting in a host switch of Pthirus lice from gorillas to humans. Thus, these results provide further evidence that cospeciating organisms can yield important information about the evolutionary history of their hosts.} }

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