@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref28960, author = {Nikisha Rashmi Patel and Susan Fawcett and Michael A Sundue and Jessica M. Budke}, title = {The evolution of perine moprhology in Thelypteridaceae}, year = {2018}, keywords = {ferns, spores, perine}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Background and Aims Spores and pollen feature elaborate external ornamentation, known as perine, that surrounds the spore wall and varies across taxonomic groups. Spore-dispersed plants, particularly ferns, exhibit remarkable variation in the surface structure of their spores and provide an excellent model for the study of morphological trait evolution. Our goal is to assess their utility for characterizing clades and taxa. For this study, we chose Thelypteridaceae, a family of ferns with over 1000 species and exceptionally diverse spore morphology. We generate a 200-taxon molecular phylogeny representing family diversity. We assign discrete states for seven morphological characters of spores from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and optimize them onto our molecular phylogeny representing approximately 10% of the species diversity in the family. We then quantify phylogenetic signal, homoplasy and correlated evolution for perine morphology, and provide a synoptic description of perine morphology for each genus. Reticulate perine and perforations demonstrate high phylogenetic signal and low homoplasy and are characteristic of genera and other major clades. Microstructure, or fine superficial sculpturing, is not synapomorphic for any group, and varies at fine phylogenetic scales. Certain genera, such as Amauropelta and Stegnogramma, exhibit consistent morphology among species, while others such as Christella, are highly variable. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that Christella and Pronephrium are non-monophyletic, while intrageneric taxa within them are largely corroborated. Characters pertaining to macrostructure and perforations, in particular, were reconstructed as synapomorphic for genera or infrageneric sections in the Thelypteridaceae. High variability of perine characters within the christelloid clade suggest it is a promising group to focus further sampling. Our approach provides explicit statements of character evolution for perine morphology upon which future studies may build. We demonstrate that the repository of high-quality SEM images of spores in the literature serve as a rich source of morphological data.} }

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