@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref18603, author = {John R. Clark and Warren L. Wagner and Eric H. Roalson}, title = {Patterns of diversification and ancestral range reconstruction in the Southeast Asian-Pacific angiosperm lineage Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae)}, year = {2009}, keywords = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.002}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {982--994}, abstract = {The genus Cyrtandra is the largest in the Gesneriaceae family and is one of the most widely dispersed plant genera in southeast Asia and the Pacific. Species of Cyrtandra are morphologically diverse but characters are often homoplastic causing considerable difficulty in creating monophyletic classification units. In this study, we use a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis, coupled with diversification rates analysis and ancestral range analysis, of 88 taxa representing approximately 80 species, to construct a well-resolved evolutionary hypothesis for Cyrtandra. Using these data, we compare existing classification schemes to our hypothesis to better understand the applicability of these schemes. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses resulted in a well-supported hypothesis of relationships. Divergence time estimates support a diversification of the Pacific clade at approximately 20 MYBP. Ancestral range reconstruction supports Fiji as the most likely ? first-step? into the Pacific with subsequent dispersals to Hawai? i, and other islands of the Pacific. A greater Fiji-Samoa region, corresponding with Takhtajan? s Fijian Region, is implicated as a major interface and possibly a center of origin for movement of Cyrtandra into and throughout the Pacific. These results collectively support the following hypotheses: a monophyletic Pacific clade originating somewhere within Takhtajan? s Fijian Region, paraphyletic Samoan and Fijian clades resulting from their central role in the dispersal patterns for Pacific species, a paraphyletic Society Islands clade, and monophyletic Hawaiian and Marquesan clades. In the South Pacific, several lineages in our evolutionary hypothesis are characterized by distinct morphological traits possibly warranting sectional rankings. Relationships among Hawaiian taxa are less resolved and the distributions of species within this lineage do not consistently correspond to existing sectional rankings. However, several taxa do group according to established taxonomy thus warranting more detailed, population-level research. We suggest that sectional classifications should correspond with major lineages delineated in this study and that species-level relationships should be more closely studied in relation to these delineated lineages.} }

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