@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15768, author = {Allison J. Haywood and Karen A. Steidinger and Earnest W. Truby and Patricia R. Bergquist and Peter L. Bergquist and Janet Adamson and Lincoln MacKenzie}, title = {Comparative Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Three New Species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand.}, year = {2003}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Journal of Phycology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Three new dinoflagellate species Karenia papilionacea sp. nov., Karenia selliformis sp. nov. and Karenia bidigitata sp. nov. were compared with the toxic species Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda), Karenia brevis (Davis) and Karenia brevisulcata (Chang) using the same fixative. Distinguishing morphological characters for the genus Karenia included a smooth theca and a linear apical groove. The new species can be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters of vegetative cells that include; the location and shape of the nucleus, the relative excavation of the hypotheca, the characteristics of apical and sulcal groove extensions on the epitheca, the cellular shape, size and symmetry, degree of dorsoventral compression, and presence of an apical protrusion or carina. Species with pronounced dorso-ventral compression swim in a distinctive fluttering motion. An inter-cingulartubular structure (ICTS) traversing the proximal and distal ends of the cingulum is common to the species of Karenia, Karlodinium micrum (Leadbeater & Dodge) J. Larsen, Gymnodinium pulchellum J. Larsen and Gyrodinium corsicum Paulmier. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequence alignments shows that the new species are phylogenetically distinct but closely related to K. mikimotoi and K. brevis.} }

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