@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref19693, author = {Lars Symmank and Marie-Stephanie Samain and James F. Smith and Guillermo Pino and Alexandra Stoll and Paul Goetghebeur and Cristoph Neinhuis and Stefan wanke}, title = {The extraordinary journey of Peperomia subgenus Tildenia: biogeographic insights into diversification and colonization patterns from its origin in Peru to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt}, year = {2011}, keywords = {Amotape-Huancabamba Zone, Central Andes, Great American Biotic Interchange, Mexican Transition Zone, Neotropics, refuge theory, Sierra Madre, Panama Isthmus}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Journal of Biogeography}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Aim: Peperomia subgenus Tildenia consists of approximately 60 species growing in seasonal habitats of Neotropical mountain areas from Mexico to Argentina. The subgenus can be split geographically, with almost equal diversity in the northern hemisphere (Mexico and Guatemala) and in the southern hemisphere (centered in Peru and Bolivia). Only a few species are known from a limited number of localities between these two hotspots. As such, Tildenia is an ideal candidate to test time, direction and mode of migration of high mountain taxa against the background of the ?Great American Biotic Interchange?. Location: The Andes with focus on the Central Andes, and the Mexican mountain chains, especially the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Methods: To elucidate the spatio-temporal origin, subsequent colonisation and radiation of Tildenia, we combine Bayesian phylogenetics based on the chloroplast trnK-matK-psbA region, geo-referenced distribution data, fossil calibrated molecular dating approaches using both Penalized Likelihood and Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis as well as Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis for ancestral area reconstruction. Results Peperomia subgenus Tildenia is subdivided into six Andean clades and one Mexican and Central American clade originating from a north/central Peruvian ancestor. Molecular dating approaches converge on a stem age of approximately 38 MYA for Tildenia and a mostly Miocene diversification and colonisation. Main conclusion: We detect a strong correlation between diversification of Tildenia and orogenetic events in the respective distribution centres. In the Andes, distribution was influenced by the Altiplano-Eastern Cordillera System as well as the Amotape-Huancabamba Zone, where the latter serves as both migration barrier and migration bridge for different clades. In contrast to most studies of high altitude taxa, we provide support for a south-north colonisation towards Central America and Mexico and provide additional, independent evidence for the latest view on the timing of the ?Great American Biotic Interchange?. In Mexico, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has played a major role in more recent radiations together with climatic oscillation and the formation of refugia. } }

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