@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref23545, author = {Steve Leavitt and Pradeep Kumar Divakar and Yoshihito Ohmura and Li-song Wang and Theodore L Esslinger and H. Thorsten Lumbsch}, title = {Who?s getting around? Assessing species diversity and biogeography in the widely distributed lichen-forming fungal genus Montanelia (Parmeliaceae)}, year = {2014}, keywords = {ABGD, *BEAST, cryptic species; divergence times, fungi, GYMC, PTP, species delimitation}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Brown parmelioid lichens comprise a number of distinct genera in one of the most species-rich families of lichen-forming fungi, Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota). In spite of their superficially similar, dull appearance, a number of studies on brown parmelioids have provided important insight into diversification in lichen-forming fungi with cosmopolitan distributions. In this study we assess species diversity, biogeography and diversification of the genus Montanelia, which includes alpine to temperate saxicolous species. We sampled each of the five known species, four of which are known from broad, intercontinental distributions. In order to identify potential biogeographical patterns, each broadly distributed species was represented by individuals collected across their intercontinental distributions. Molecular sequence data were generated for six loci, including four nuclear protein-coding markers, the internal transcribed spacer region, and a fragment of the mitochondrial small subunit. We used three sequence-based species delimitations methods to validate traditional, phenotype-based species and circumscribe previously unrecognized species-level lineages in Montanelia. Relationships among putative lineages and divergence times were estimated within a coalescent-based multi-locus species tree framework. Based on the results of the species delimitation analyses, we propose that the genus Montanelia is likely comprised of six to nine species-level lineages, including previously unrecognized species-level diversity in the nominal taxa M. panniformis and M. tominii. In contrast, molecular sequence data suggest that M. predisjuncta may be conspecific with the widespread taxon M. disjuncta in spite of distinct morphological differences. Furthermore, our data suggest that diversification in Montanelia occurred largely during the Miocene and Pliocene, and the rate-calibrated estimate of the most recent common ancestor of Montanelia (ca. 23.3 Ma) is congruent with a previous fossil calibrated time estimate. At least three Montanelia species are broadly distributed throughout Asia, Europe, and North America with no evidence of phylogeographic substructure. In contrast to broadly distributed Montanelia species, our study reveals a complex diversification and biogeography history of the M. tominii group beginning in the late Miocene and continuing into the Pleistocene. Our analyses provide additional insight for understanding diversification and uncovering cryptic diversity in cosmopolitan species of lichen-forming fungi.} }

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