@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref16520, author = {Val?ry Mal?cot and Thomas Marcussen and J?r?me Munzinger and Roxana Yockteng and Max Henry}, title = {On the origin of the sweet-smelling parma violets cultivars (Violaceae): Wide intraspecific hybridization, sterility and sexual reproduction}, year = {2006}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {Parma Violets are reputed for their double, fragrant flowers and have been cultivated for centuries in Europe. However, due to a rather deviant morphology their taxonomic affinity has not been clarified. Authors have proposed an origin from three possible species, Viola alba, V. odorata or V. suavis, or a hybrid origin. We have generated and analyzed two independent data sets for several Parma Violet cultivars and numerous accessions of related taxa, the first one based on ITS sequence variation, and the second on allozymic variation in 14 putative loci. Both data sets showed that the Parma Violet cultivars have their origin within Viola alba and that they are best included in the Mediterranean ssp. dehnhardtii. There was no trace of interspecific hybridization. However, the cultivars appeared to have a single origin in a wide hybrid within V. alba, involving parental plants from the eastern and western Mediterranean region; historical literature sources seem to indicate Turkey and Italy, respectively. The investigated Parma Violet cultivars possessed high levels of allozyme heterozygosity, and to some extent also within-individual ITS sequence variation. Losses of heterozygosity and within- individual ITS sequence variation in some of the cultivars indicate subsequent rare events of sexual reproduction, presumably through cleistogamous seed-set.} }

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