@INCOLLECTION{TreeBASE2Ref16862, author = {Michael J. Novacek}, title = {Higher mammal phylogeny: the morphological-molecular synthesis.}, year = {1989}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, booktitle = {The Hierarchy of Life.}, isbn = {}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, editor = {B. Fernholm and K. Bremer and H. Jornvall}, pages = {421--435}, abstract = {The basic outlines of higher mammalian relationships are easily drawn. Since the early 19th century (1), biologists have recognized a three way division for the living groups of mammals. Monotremes, including the platypus and echidna from Australia, represent the sister taxon to the Theria, a group split into the Metatheria (marsupials) and the Eutheria ('placentals'). Aside from some ambiguities in molecular results (2,3) modern investigations only serve to strengthen this general framework for the mammalian tree. At slightly lower levels, solutions are more elusive. Particularly vexing is the problem of relationships among the orders of eutherian mammals. This array of morphologically diverse creatures, including mice, men, whales, bats and aardvarks, is customarily depicted as a great polytomous radiation. One might logically suspect, however, that a more sequential history of branching underlies this polytomy. In recent years there have been attempts to discover an overall pattern for eutherians that is consistent with diverse molecular and morphological data, and some patterns are emerging. This is a report on revisions of morphological character data for higher groupings of mammals. The phylogenetic implications of the revised data are briefly examined and are compared with molecular results. I shall not review the development of thought pertaining to current taxonomic controversies or details of character analyses. These matters are amply covered in a number of recent papers.} }

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