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@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref15608, author = {L. E. Graham and Charles F. Delwiche and Brent D. Mishler}, title = {Phylogenetic connections between the 'green algae' and the 'bryophytes'.}, year = {1991}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {}, pmid = {}, journal = {Advances in Bryology}, volume = {4}, number = {}, pages = {213--244}, abstract = {An updated cladistic analysis of charophycean green algae, focusing on divergence of the embryophyte clade, was derived by application of Wagner parsimony to a data set consisting of morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical characters. Characters not previously used in such analyses include: sexual growth response (cell-to cell interactions between gametes or zygotes and vegetative thallus cells), post-fertilization enlargement of zygotes, polyphenolic deposition induced by zygote formation, diagonal cell divisions in spermatid ontogeny, cortical microtubule arrays, preprophase microtubule bands, bicentriolar centrosomes, and sporic meiosis. Despite the addition of these new characters, the topology of the most parsimonious tree resulting from their use was remarkably similar to a cladogram previously published by Mishler and Churchill. The present analyses suggest that future biochemical and cellular studies should be focused on the following: the pattern of occurrence of glycolate oxidase and class I aldolases in lower charophytes and putative ancestral flagellates; cell-to-cell growth interactions related to sexual reproduction; cell division and sexual reproduction in Chaetosphaeridium; patterns of involvement of callose in reproductive development; biochemical pathways leading to flavonoid synthesis and polyphenolic deposition in cell walls; cytoskeleton dynamics, phragmoplast development, and structure and rob of plasmodesmata; comparative structure of chloroplasts and pyrenoids; behavior of peroxisomes during cell division-- and the nature of the surface layer present on thalli of some species of Coleochaete. Evidence is presented to support the view that while the archegonium bearing plants may well be polyphyletic or paraphyletic, as has been effectively argued by others, the embryophytes are most likely monophyletic. The molecular, biochemical, and structural evidence suggests that embryophytes are derived from charophycean ancestors similar to Charales and Coleochaete. It is concluded that charophycean algae should be the taxa of choice for use as model experimental systems in which to study the cellular, biochemical, and molecular bases of many embryophyte features, rather than more distantly related green algae.} }