@ARTICLE{TreeBASE2Ref22832, author = {Daniel J Layton and Elizabeth A. Kellogg}, title = {Morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the new model species Setaria viridis (Poaceae: Paniceae) and its close relatives}, year = {2014}, keywords = {}, doi = {}, url = {http://}, pmid = {}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, abstract = {? Premise of the study: Species limits of the emerging model organism Setaria viridis (tribe Paniceae, subtribe Cenchrinae) are not well defined. It is thought to be related to S. adhaerens, S. faberi, S. verticillata, , and S. verticilliformis, and in North America occurs with the morphologically similar S. pumila. An integrated approach was taken to evaluate its variation and relationships with the other taxa. ? Methods: Statistical morphology, flow cytometry, molecular phylogenetics, and growth experiments were employed to examine the group?s physical variation, polyploidy, evolutionary relationships, and drought ecology, respectively. ? Key results: Setaria viridis contributed one genome to the tetraploids S. faberi, S. verticillata, and S. verticilliformis; the other genome of the latter two was contributed by S. adhaerens. S. pumila is unrelated. Morphologically, S. viridis is most similar to S. faberi, but all tested accession of S. viridis were diploid, whereas those of S. faberi were all tetraploid. Principal components analysis of 70 morphological characters consistently separated S. viridis from S. faberi, largely by spikelet characters. The diagnostic morphological characters are not affected by watering. Setaria faberi is far more sensitive to drought in terms of mortality and morphological stunting than S. viridis or S. pumila. ? Conclusions: Setaria viridis is a diploid species and has contributed to several polyploid derivatives. The most morphologically similar of the polyploids is S. faberi, which differs in spikelet features, phylogenetics, genome size, and ecological response to drought. Researchers using field collected S. viridis as a model organism will benefit from the clear delimitation provided in this study. } }

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